More than 29 million people in the United States have diabetes [10]. As such, millions of Americans currently take diabetes medication.
Over half of all medications for diabetes, including the majority of oral hypoglycemic medications, are metabolized by two enzymes in the liver called CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. [11]
Your genes are the main factor in determining the level of these enzymes primarily found in your liver — if you have too much of the enzyme, you process the medication too quickly, too little of the enzyme and the medication builds up in your bloodstream potentially causing adverse reactions or side effects.
PGx AND DIABETES
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Population Frequency of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Metabolizer Types [3]
| Poor (no or low enzyme levels) |
Intermediate (reduced enzyme levels) |
Normal (normal enzyme levels) |
Rapid or Ultra Rapid Metabolizer (high enzyme levels) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CYP2C9 | 3% | 30% | 68% | N/A |
| CYP2C19 | 2-20% | 24-36% | 14-44% | 30% |
*CYP2C19 variability depends on ethnicity.
*CYP2D6 Variability depends on ethnicity and classification of Intermediate activity