Lay Explanations
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. This relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup. Browse the resources below to learn more about pharmacogenetics.
Medicine For You
Information from the National Institutes of Health that explains pharmacogenetics in layman’s terms.
Pharmacogenomics
A primer on Pharmacogenomics as provided by the American Medical Association.
Preventable Adverse Drug Reactions: A Focus on Drug Interactions
A learning module developed by the Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERT) in collaboration with the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at the Food and Drug Administration.
Other Resources
Additional Resources
Genelex Publications
Clinical impact of pharmacogenetic profiling with a clinical decision support tool in polypharmacy home health patients: A prospective pilot randomized controlled trial
Elliott LS, Henderson JC, Neradilek MB, Moyer NA, Ashcraft KC, Thirumaran RK, PLoS One. 2017 Feb 2;12(2)
The effect of pharmacogenetic profiling with a clinical decision support tool on healthcare resource utilization and estimated costs in the elderly exposed to polypharmacy
Brixner D, Biltaji E, Bress A, Unni S, Ye X, Mamiya T, Ashcraft K, Biskupiak J, J Med Econ. 2016;19(3):213-28.
CYP450 genotyping and cumulative drug–gene interactions: an update for precision medicine
Thirumaran RK, Heck JW, Hocum BT. Per Med. 2016 Jan;13(1):5-8.
Cytochrome P-450 gene and drug interaction analysis in patients referred for pharmacogenetic testing
Hocum BT, White JR Jr, Heck JW, Thirumaran RK, Moyer N, Newman R, Ashcraft K, Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016 Jan 15;73(2):61-7.
Pharmacogenetic Allele Nomenclature: International Workgroup Recommendations for Test Result Reporting
Elliott LS, Henderson JC, Neradilek MB, Moyer NA, Ashcraft KC, Thirumaran RK, PLoS One. 2017 Feb 2;12(2)
Differences in Medicare Quality Measures among Nursing Homes after Pharmacogenetic Testing
Azhar Gohar , Wei JY , Ashcraft K , Neradilek MB , Newman RL , Thirumaran RK , Moyer NA and Sass RE; , J Res Development 2016, 4:1
Fluvoxamine-associated oscillopsia and a role for personalized medication dosing
Eric L. Singman*, Brian Hocum, Jithin Yohannan and Virginia Pearson, Drug Metab Pers Ther. 2015 Dec;30(4):271-5
Financial Analysis of CYP2C19 Genotyping in Patients Receiving Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Following Acute Coronary Syndrome and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Chua T, Gruntowicz D, Johnson S, Morlock R. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2015 Jul;21(7):552-7
Collaboration with Community Pharmacies in the Patient-Centered Medical Home
Black K, Black E, Hocum B, Primary Care Reports: 2015:21(12):141-151
Drug Interactions and the Medical Home
Black E, Black K, Hocum B. Primary Care Reports. 2015;21(3):24-39.
How common are drug and gene interactions? Prevalence in a sample of 1143 patients with CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotyping
Verbeurgt P, Mamiya T, Oesterheld J. Pharmacogenomics. 2014;15(5):655-65
The Future: Pharmacogenetics in Primary Care
Black E, Black K, Hocum B. The Future: Pharmacogenetics in Primary Care. Primary Care Reports. 2014;20(10):113-28
Scientific Papers
Preemptive Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation: Current programs in five United States medical centers
Henry M. Dunnenberger, et al. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015; 55: 89–106.
Ubiquitous Pharmacogenomics (U-PGx): The Time for Implementation is Now. An Horizon2020 Program to Drive Pharmacogenomics into Clinical Practice
Cecchin E1, Roncato R2, Guchelaar HJ3, Toffoli G2; Ubiquitous Pharmacogenomics Consortium, Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2017;18(3):204-209.
Benefit of Preemptive Pharmacogenetic Information on Clinical Outcome.
Roden DM, Van Driest SL, Mosley JD, Wells QS, Robinson JR, Denny JC, Peterson JF, Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018 May;103(5):787-794.
Pharmacogenetics and outcome with antipsychotic drugs
Jennie G. Pouget, BSc; Tahireh A. Shams; Arun K. Tiwari, PhD; Daniel J. Müller, MD, PhD, Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2014 Dec; 16(4): 555–566.
Pharmacogenetics of obesity drug therapy
Guzman AK, Ding M, Xie Y, Martin KA, Curr Mol Med. 2014;14(7):891-908
Pharmacogenetics: Implications for Modern Type 2 Diabetes Therapy
Staiger H, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M, Häring HU, Rev Diabet Stud. 2015 Fall-Winter;12(3-4):363-76.
Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Medicine in Pain Management.
Webster LR1, Belfer I2, Clin Lab Med. 2016 Sep;36(3):493-506.
Pharmacogenetics of antiretrovirals.
Tozzi V, Antiviral Res. 2010 Jan;85(1):190-200.
Use of pharmacogenetics for predicting cancer prognosis and treatment exposure, response and toxicity.
Hertz DL, McLeod HL. J Hum Genet. 2013 Jun;58(6):346-52.
The pharmacogenomics of epilepsy.
Franco V, Perucca E, Expert Rev Neurother. 2015 Oct;15(10):1161-70.
Pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of pediatric ADHD with associated aggression: a review
Patel BD, Barzman DH, Psychiatr Q. 2013 Dec;84(4):407-15.
Individualized therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease: potential impact of pharmacogenetic testing based on CYP2C19
Furuta T1, Sugimoto M, Shirai N, Mol Diagn Ther. 2012 Aug 1;16(4):223-34
Pharmacogenomics – how close/far are we to practicing individualized medicine for children?Chor-Wing Sing, Ching-Lung Cheung & Ian C. K. Wong, Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Mar; 79(3): 419–428.
The emerging era of pharmacogenomics: current successes, future potential, and challenges
JW Lee, F Aminkeng, AP Bhavsar, K Shaw, BC Carleton, MR Hayden, and CJD Ross, Clin Genet. 2014 Jan; 86(1): 21–28.
Pharmacogenomics in the clinic
Mary V. Relling1 and William E. Evans1, Nature. 2015 October 15; 526(7573): 343–350.
Evidence and resources to implement pharmacogenetic knowledge for precision medicine.
Caudle KE, Gammal RS, Whirl-Carrillo M, Hoffman JM, Relling MV, Klein TE. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016 Dec 1;73(23):1977-1985
Integrating pharmacogenomics into electronic health records with clinical decision support
Hicks JK, Dunnenberger HM, Gumpper KF, Haidar CE, Hoffman JM, Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016 Dec 1;73(23):1967-1976
Practical considerations in genomic decision support: The eMERGE experience.
Herr TM et al., J Pathol Inform. 2015 Sep 28;6:50.
Pharmacogenomics and individualized medicine: Translating science into practice
Kristine R. Crews, J. Kevin Hicks, Ching-Hon Pui, Mary V. Relling, and William E. Evans, Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012 October; 92(4): 467–475
Incorporation of pharmacogenomics into routine clinical practice: the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guideline development process.
Caudle KE, et al., Curr Drug Metab. 2014 Feb;15(2):209-17
Pharmacogenomics and Patient Care: One Size Does Not Fit All
Kathleen M. Giacomini,* Sook Wah Yee, Mark J. Ratain, Richard M. Weinshilboum, Naoyuki Kamatani, and Yusuke Nakamura, Science Translational Medicine 26 Sep 2012: Vol. 4, Issue 153, pp. 153ps18
Clinical Implementation of Pharmacogenomics for Personalized Precision Medicine: Barriers and Solutions.
Klein ME, Parvez MM, Shin JG, J Pharm Sci. 2017 Sep;106(9):2368-2379.